DIFFERENT WAYS OF STATING HYPOTHESES
The word hypothesis is derived from the Greek word – ‘hypotithenai’ meaning ‘to put under’ or ‘to suppose’. The word hypothesis consists of two words ‘Hypo’ and ‘thesis’. ‘Hypo’ means tentative or subject to the verification and ‘Thesis’ means statement about solution of a problem. So the word “Hypothesis” means tentative statement about solution of a problem or Hypothesis means the guesses to solve the research problem.
Definition of Hypothesis
“It is a tentative supposition or provisional guess which seems to explain the situation under observation.”
James E. Greighton
A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of the relation between two or more variables.
(Kerlinger, 1956)
Hypothesis is a formal statement that presents the expected relationship between an independent and dependent variable. (Creswell, 1994)Hypothesis is an assumption that is made on the basis of some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into a prediction. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Characteristics of Hypothesis
Following are the characteristics of hypothesis:
The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable.
If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables.
The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
The way of explanation of the hypothesis must be very simple and it should also be understood that the simplicity of the hypothesis is not related to its significance.
Types of hypothesis
Alternative hypotheses
Directional hypothesis
Non-directional hypothesis
Null hypothesis
Directional Hypothesis
It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome. The relationship between the variables can also predict its nature. For example- children aged four years eating proper food over a five-year period are having higher IQ levels than children not having a proper meal. This shows the effect and direction of effect.
Non-directional Hypothesis
It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.
Null Hypothesis
It provides the statement which is contrary to the hypothesis. It’s a negative statement, and there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables. The symbol is denoted by “HO”.
Alternative hypotheses
Any hypotheses other than null hypotheses is called alternative hypotheses.denoted by H1.
It state that there is a relationship between two variables being studied.( One variable has an effect on the other)
Reference
Donal.A,Jacobs.C.L and Razavieh ; A, (2010) introduction to Research in Education.
Cresswell (2009)" Research Design.
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